Animism vs panentheism

Animism vs panentheism. Monotheism is typically contrasted with polytheism (see below), which is a belief in many gods, and with atheism, which is an absence of any belief in any gods. However, pantheists believe that there is something divine about the perceived unity and natural laws of the universe, as revealed by science, andmore » Aug 22, 2024 · Monotheism, belief in the existence of one god, or in the oneness of God. It is a concept arising more from mythology than philosophy, and few panpsychists actually attribute human-like (or god-like) consciousness to all objects. I argue that the alleged conflict can be diffused by noting that science and animism advance different ways of looking at the world. [1] Pantheism is the religious doctrine that the divine is infused within all existent beings. F. According to Judy Harrow: Panentheism is the belief that Spirit both pervades and transcends the World of Form; the two are like concentric circles. Aug 12, 2017 · Animism is not the same as pantheism, although the two are sometimes confused. However, animism's focus on individual spirits contrasts with pantheism's belief in a universal divinity encompassing all things, reflecting diverse pathways to understanding the spiritual essence of the natural world. But when faced with an advanced definition of God, things get interesting. [1] [2] [3] According to Oxford Reference, it is not easy to count gods, and so not always obvious whether an apparently polytheistic religion, such as Chinese Folk Religions, is really so, or whether the apparent different objects of worship are to be thought of as manifestations of a singular divinity. 535 BC — 475 BC), in which the Logos pervades the cosmos and whereby all thoughts and things originate; e. I fall more into panentheism, because I can't shake the sense that there's something greater behind all of this. Spinoza’s God is not personal and not transcendent but immanent, as God is identical to the world or Nature. For classical theism World: Christianity’s Reasons for Considering Panentheism a Viable Option”; Roderick Main, “Panentheism and the Undoing of Disenchantment”; and Michael Silberstein, “Panentheism, Neutral Monism, and Advaita Vedanta. Yes, both feature creator deities, but we could say that about all sorts of extremely different worldviews. on the arguments and comments concerning panentheism’s definition and plausibility put forth by Göcke, Mullins, and Nickel. It has been used in various ways such as to relate God or divinity with concrete things, [1] determinism, [2] or the substance of the universe. So the New Testament seems to teach a sort of panentheism. We will compare and contrast these ideas. Animism is the belief that spirits are present in creatures, objects, places, and perhaps, even words. Animism is the belief that everything is alive or has a soul, and that supernatural beings inhabit ordinary objects as well as animate beings – they treat natural phenomena such as geographical features – mountains, rivers, *ley lines, Stonehenge etc. God remains mysterious. Its support for the ideal of human freedom provides grounds for a positive appreciation of temporal process, while removing some of the ethical paradoxes Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism, the doctrine that the universe conceived of as a whole is God and, conversely, that there is no God but the combined substance, forces, and laws that are manifested in the existing universe. In other words, 'God is all, and all is God. The phrase “the divine” is used as a short-hand label for both theistic (personal) and non-theistic (impersonal) definitions of the sacred ground of being. Mar 11, 2012 · Panentheism means that God is the Creator and the Created. ” PANENTHEISM AND NATURAL SCIENCE: A GOOD MATCH? by Willem B. Unlike many other religions, Shinto has no recognised founder. Apr 3, 2017 · Origins of Shinto. Some religions are both pantheistic and animistic. " There are two types of panentheism: 1) the type of panentheism that is partially pantheistic, claiming that the entirety of the universe is contained within God as a part of God, who is, of course, more than the universe that is only a part of God; and 2) the kind of panentheism that sees the ontological distinction between the world and God Feb 26, 2021 · Pantheism Vs. I think what you may be referring to is Panentheism. PANTHEISM The following is an excerpt from New Thought: A Practical American Spirituality, pp. For pantheism and classical theism, God is absolute; and for many forms of pantheism, the world, since it is identical with God, is likewise absolute. The laws of nature, then, are not something essentially autonomous, which God must sometimes manipulate in order to make his will effective, but are part of his will. Apr 23, 2012 · This article explores the meanings of kinship with nature and animism for neo-Pagans and asks whether expressions of such a worldview are more than metaphorical, rhetorical or simply wishful. So according to pantheism, “God is everything and everything is God. II. Krause (1781-1832) to describe his thought. Equations between gods were freely made: Zeus became Jupiter, Aphrodite became Venus, and so on. While panentheism offers an increasingly popular alternative to classical theism, both panentheism and classical theistic systems affirm divine transcendence and immanence. However, these spirits are unique rather than being part of a greater spiritual whole. What is theism? Theism is the belief that there are gods or a god who created the world and have had Pandeism is a hybrid blend of the root words pantheism and deism [6] (Ancient Greek: πᾶν, romanized: pan, lit. New Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche: 1844 –1900 Atheism is the rejection of God. God’s essence and character are believed to be unique and fundamentally different from all other beings that can be considered more or less comparable—e. Brown har kritiserat panendeismen med ett argument som i lika delar träffar den traditionella panenteismen. The phrase “the divine” is used as a short-hand label for both theistic (personal) and nontheistic (impersonal) definitions of the sacred ground of being. Deism, pantheism and panentheism all shared the same belief, i. In panentheism, God is viewed as creator and/or animating force behind the universe, and the source of universal truth. Pantheism: the tree, the rock, and the river are in God. 7. When considered together they may be called the pan-doctrines. Pantheism is in a sense a natural development of animism. panentheism is a meaningful theological difference. Apr 27, 2024 · More common is nature worship, which would include sun worship as it being part of nature. The line between pantheism and panentheism can be blurred depending on varying definitions of God, so there have been disagreements when assigning particular notable figures to pantheism or panentheism. Aug 5, 2024 · Two philosophical ideas that are easily confused is pantheism vs panentheism. non-agential). The meanings for some indigenous animist peoples are discussed and compared with neo-Pagan understandings. Let’s try to dig into this a bit to see what all the differences are and what Scripture has to say about them. The religious term monotheism is not Aug 5, 2024 · The world is filled with a large variety of belief systems. Here's ChatGpt views [with reservations]; Jun 4, 1996 · At best, this tradition-dependent concept would be relevant to Christian/pantheist and other theist/pantheist hybrids (e. What is allegedly above reason, is, in fact, much under it, and Naturalistic pantheism, also known as scientific pantheism, is a form of pantheism. Animism, belief in innumerable spiritual beings concerned with human affairs and capable of helping or harming human interests. The term "animism" was first introduced by Sir Edward Tylor in his 1871 work, "Primitive Culture. But in fact the pantheism of ancient Greece was related almost exclusively to philosophical speculation. Here’s what it claims — and why it’s problematic. Dec 31, 2022 · I distinguish two conflicts. May 26, 2021 · In spite of some panentheistic traits in his philosophy, Spinoza was clearly a pantheist. It is distinguished from polytheism, the belief in the existence of many gods, from atheism, the belief that there is no god, and from agnosticism, the belief that the existence or nonexistence of a god or of gods is unknown or unknowable. The two doctrines can be definitely distinguished. Panentheism seeks to avoid either isolating God from the world as traditional theism often does or identifying God with the world as pantheism Jan 11, 2024 · The word “panentheism” comes from the Greek roots “pan-” (all) “en-” (in) and “theos” (god), so it means exactly what 1 Corinthians says: “God in all”. Animatism is the belief that a common and impersonal power exists in all living and nonliving objects. The term "animism" is an anthropological construct. The term "animism" comes from the Latin word "anima," meaning soul or life. It comes from ‘pan’ meaning all, and ‘theism,’ which means belief in God. , a theistic position which assumes that the world is in God, who is yet greater than everything he created. It is too specific for any general analysis of pantheism, and it refers to the theistic variants of pantheism which are most inconsequential for pantheistic practice. Fysikern Robert G. Mar 26, 2024 · Animism (from Latin: anima, 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. The second of these terms appears to be a misspelling of the first, but panentheism is a deliberate variation. Examples of Animism can be seen in forms of Shinto, Hinduism, Buddhism, pantheism, Paganism, and Neopaganism. The World of Spirit is the world of all possibilities. , Thus panentheism separates itself from pantheism, positing the extra claim that God exists above and beyond the world as we know it. g. In short, panentheism holds that Deity includes the entire universe -- and more. All but one, Christianity, are false. " Pantheism means that all is God; panentheism, that all is in God. 89-92. The term appeared about 200 years ago, although the tenets were probably among a multitude of philosophical and religious ideas Paul encountered in Greece. The earliest use of pandeism appears to have been 1787, [7] with another usage found in 1838, [8] a first appearance in a dictionary in 1849 (in German as Pandeismus and Pandeistisch), [9] and an 1859 usage of pandeism expressly in contrast to both Oct 30, 2022 · Pantheism Vs Panentheism. It involves attributing sentience to other beings that may The term panpsychism comes from the Greek pan (πᾶν: "all, everything, whole") and psyche (ψυχή: "soul, mind"). Prima facie the term “pantheism” seems to apply to quite diverse theories. Largely due to such ethnolinguistic and cultural discrepancies, opinions differ on whether animism refers to an ancestral mode of experience common to indigenous peoples around the world or to a full-fledged religion in its own right. Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one god. In traditional theism, God is wholly transcendent, and in panentheism, God is both transcendent and immanent. Though earlier philosophers such as Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas discussed animism, the formal definition was postulated by Sir Edward Taylor late in the 19 th century. There are no miracles in nature, and only because of ignorance, mistakes, and errors do we wonder or feel enchantment about it. It seems to me, though, that when animism is spoken of in a religious context it's pretty much identical to polytheism. God is within everything and everyone, closer than our own heartbeats or the air we breathe. But I don't know. This universal arrangement is not pantheism (all is God), but panentheism, a term devised by Karl C. They see it as a balanced middle ground between the positions of classical theism and "Animism (from Latin anima (soul, life) is a philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans and animals but also in plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural… Mar 28, 2024 · Animism (from Latin: anima, 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Thank you for the responses so far. It can all be very confusing. Is panentheism a metaphysical and Panentheism is not yet in most dictionaries, but with Google listing over 8500 pages with the word, perhaps its time has come! panentheism and the wonder of god. Most Christians through the ages have come closest to Trinitarian monotheism, but not exclusively. Join Our Patreon! In our second episode on nature mysticism we discuss the effect of the incarnation, and how Christ's arrival was seen as giving new importance to all of creation. May 19, 2022 · Indeed, “pantheism and panentheism are comparable, but to the extent panentheism conceives of God as an entity distinguishable in certain respects from the universe itself, it is considered here to be in the same general category as traditional theism. The cognate doctrine of panentheism asserts that God includes the universe as a part though not PANTHEISM AND PANENTHEISM PANTHEISM AND PANENTHEISM . 300 . Callicott ( 1994 ) has suggested this of the Lakota, for instance, since they conceive of a spiritual force, which is both transcendent and immanent. Thus, monotheism is the belief in the existence of a single god. Instead God is IN nature. Pantheists reject the idea of a personal God. Pantheism is the religious doctrine that the divine is infused within all existent beings. This is how I conceptualize my animistic pantheist worldview: The oneness, harmony, and totality of everything can be seen as God, divine, and the ground of being which is fundamental and worthy of great religious respect. In primitive societies animism often requires that before anyone can kill an animal or fell a tree, its natural spirit must be placated. 'all' and Latin: deus 'god'). It is generally a different and higher order of being than are humans and other living entities. Aug 22, 2024 · Monotheism - Polytheism, Dualism, Henotheism: The God of monotheism is the one real god that is believed to exist or, in any case, that is acknowledged as such. whether pantheism is a type of theism, whether it allows for some manner of divine transcendence, and so on); some should perhaps even go by a different name altogether (e. ” — Thomas H. Panentheism (from Greek πᾶν (pân) "all"; ἐν (en) "in"; and θεός (theós) "God"; "all-in-God") is a belief system that posits that the divine (be it a monotheistic God, polytheistic gods, or an eternal cosmic animating force) interpenetrates every part of nature, but is not one with nature. Atheism Jul 12, 2019 · Monotheism vs Pantheism vs Polytheism - Dr William Lane Craig Aug 1, 2017 · Today, we turn to another worldview, panentheism. What is pantheism? Pantheism is a philosophical belief that God can be equated with the universe and what is in it. Scholars of religion largely abandoned that view in the 19th century in favour of an evolutionary progression from animism via polytheism to monotheism, but by 1974, this theory was less widely held, and a modified view similar to Lang's became more prominent. . Feb 15, 2007 · Naturalistic pantheism is a form of pantheism that holds that the universe, although unconscious and non-sentient as a whole, is a meaningful focus for mystical fulfillment. But God is also beyond the universe, as something 'other'. “panentheism” rather than Strong Panentheism: This refers to the complete identity of God and the cosmos, as opposed to just God's presence in it, and therefore comes very close to Pantheism. In the Islamic world, Sufis have put forward descriptions of Allah that somewhat resemble Pantheist ideas but since both Pantheistic views and Sufi doctrines are very subtle and sensitive in their implications, it is impossible to summarize the relation between the two. Some people consider postmodernism to be an unenlightened view of the world, whereas others consider it to be a more holistic and inclusive way of looking at the world. May 19, 2023 · The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology says “Animism is a particular sensibility and way of relating to various beings in the world. Jul 12, 2024 · Polytheism - Animism, Pantheism, Henotheism: By the time of the establishment of the Roman Empire, the Greek tradition was already exerting considerable influence on the Roman, to the extent that once relatively independent traditions became somewhat fused. (Genesis 1:1, ESV) "You alone are the Lord. Pantheism. Panentheism, or a hybrid version of it, is the view held by advocates of many Eastern religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism and the New Age movement. Pantheism and Panentheism. Monolatrism refers to the belief that there may be more than one deity, but that only one is worthy of being worshiped. For this reason it Animism is the belief that every living thing in nature - including trees, plants and even rocks or streams - has its own spirit or divinity. Mar 5, 2024 · Animism and pantheism, though distinct, share a reverence for nature. Aug 29, 2020 · The natural world and the multiplicity of conscious beings is an illusion, or at least a mere presentation, given to itself by a single Absolute which may be called ‘God’ or at least plays something of the role of God for this point of view Salvation consists in consciously realizing one’s identity with this Absolute. So in at least some contexts, animism does not particularly describe a religious belief at all, but a philosophical position. Drees Abstract. You made the skies and the heavens and all the stars. , the gods of other religions. Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism - Non-Western Cultures, Panentheism, Beliefs: The gods of the Vedas, the ancient scriptures of India (c. Religion 101 Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism - Ancient, Medieval, Philosophy: Early Greek religion contained among its many deities some whose natures might have supported pantheism; and certainly the mystery religions of later times stressed types of mystical union that are typical of pantheistic systems. One of the main differences is that while animists believe everything to be spiritual in nature, they do not necessarily see the spiritual nature of everything in existence as being united (monism), the way Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism - Nature, Unity, Monism: God is absolute insofar as he is eternal, cause, activity, creator; he is relative insofar as he is temporal, effect, passive (having potentiality in his nature), and affected by the world. ' The term pantheism was developed in the eighteenth Jun 13, 2012 · It was no longer proper to speak of all things as having a teleological purpose. Like Buddhism, Taoism does use an anthropomorphic concept or image of a deity to explain reality. Based of the beliefs, we can classify the [107]: p. Shinto Shrine: Shinto is an animistic religion in Japan. In Greek pan means "all," theos means "god," and en means "in. Pantheism is the belief that god is everything and everywhere. Reminding ourselves from time to time of God’s Donate to St. Feb 23, 2012 · Pantheism is the view that the world is either identical to God, or an expression of God’s nature. Exceptions were the gods Prajapati (Lord of Creatures) and Purusha (Supreme Being or Soul of the Universe), whose competition for influence provided, in its outcome, a possible explanation of how the Indian tradition came to Aug 16, 2024 · Pantheism - Monism, Dualism, Theism: Panentheism is then a middle way between the denial of individual freedom and creativity characterizing many of the varieties of pantheism and the remoteness of the divine characterizing classical theism. Aug 20, 2018 · Pantheism is not animism. [3] Dec 9, 2023 · Animism, often considered the earliest form of religious belief, is a fascinating and complex worldview that has been integral to human societies since prehistoric times. Mar 18, 2019 · The term monotheism comes from the Greek monos, (one) and theos (god). So yes, God IS the universe and all within it. Han menar att föreställningen om en Gud som i någon mening är större än universum innefattar en felaktig definition av universum, eftersom "universum" per definition innebär "allt som existerar," inklusive Gud. Potentially, animism perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, and perhaps even words—as animated and alive. All those P’s and A’s. ”2 It refers to deity as existing above, outside of, or beyond creation. Feb 20, 2021 · Panentheism is the belief that the universe is a part of a deity, but that the deity is greater than the universe. Huxley The word, “agnostic”, was coined in 1869 by Thomasmore » (This also makes it clear than panspiritism is not a form of animism. Animism is the belief that animals, trees, rivers, mountains—all things—have a spirit. Nature worship is often considered the primitive source of modern religious beliefs [4] [5] and can be found in pantheism, panentheism, deism, polytheism, animism, Taoism, [6] totemism, Hinduism, shamanism, some theism and paganism including Wicca. Oct 28, 2008 · God and Creation. The peoples of ancient Japan had long held animistic beliefs, worshipped divine ancestors and communicated with the spirit world via shamans; some elements of these beliefs were incorporated into the first recognised religion practised in Japan, Shinto, which began during the period of the Yayoi culture (c. These ideas or mental models do not capture completely what God is like. Animism, as commonly understood, is the view that all things possess a fully-developed, intelligent, and complex conscious-like spirit. – as well as animals, birds, rocks, plants and ancestors as sacred. Jul 14, 2020 · Summary of Animatism vs Animism. Question: Lately, with the environmental movement going mainstream, pantheism is on an upswing in popularity. ” Pandeism (or pan-deism), a theological doctrine which combines aspects of pantheism into deism, and holds that the creator deity became the universe and ceased to exist as a separate and conscious entity, has been noted by various authors to encompass many religious beliefs found in Asia, with examples primarily being drawn from India and China. Panentheism is, in brief, the doctrine that there is a divine element in all things. Pantheism and Panentheism: A Pagan Perspective, plus a discussion of immanence, epistemological and ontological transcendence, animism, and how they relate t May 23, 2024 · Animism is the belief that objects, places, and creatures possess a spiritual essence, while pantheism is the belief that the universe and God are identical, seeing everything collectively as divine. However, a lot people with these beliefs don’t think carefully about this difference, so, practically speaking, pantheism and panentheism tend to overlap or blend, as they do with polytheism. Dec 4, 2008 · Panentheism considers God and the world to be inter-related with the world being in God and God being in the world. Polytheism is the belief that multiple gods exist, but do not intervene with the universe. Many of these false beliefs can be understood by exploring three basic terms: theism, deism, and pantheism. Anticipations of panentheistic understandings of God have occurred in both philosophical and theological writings throughout history (Hartshorne and Reese 1953; Cooper, 2006). Classical theism vs. Panentheism (/ p æ ˈ n ɛ n θ i ɪ z əm /; [1] "all in God", from the Greek πᾶν, pân, 'all', ἐν, en, 'in' and Θεός, Theós, 'God') [2] is the belief that the divine intersects every part of the universe and also extends beyond space and time. [7] PANENTHEISM VS. panentheism). Oct 7, 2019 · Panentheism is the belief that there is a God greater than the cosmos, but that he inhabits the cosmos. Panentheism specifically regards reality not as God, but as a component of God, allowing for some sort of traditional God alongside. e. Animistic beliefs were first competently surveyed by Sir Edward Burnett Tylor in his work Primitive Culture (1871), to which is owed the continued currency of the term animism. [7]: 1 The use of "psyche" is controversial because it is synonymous with "soul", a term usually taken to refer to something supernatural; more common terms now found in the literature include mind, mental properties, mental aspect, and experience. The first points to conflicting claims regarding the abilities of objects, plants and animals made by scientists and animists (agential vs. I don’t mean the cold, rational Spinoza type of pantheism as much as the whole reverence for nature thing, feeling the divinity within every tree and blade of grass, while perceiving that as a harmonious singularity. Panentheism: God is in the tree, the rock, and the river. Panentheism is the belief that god is in everything and everywhere. Similarly, we discuss the topic of pantheism, animism and panentheism in a Christian… At best, this tradition-dependent concept would be relevant to Christian/pantheist and other theist/pantheist hybrids (e. panentheism, pantheism, deism, polytheism, animism,totemism, shamanism and paganism have nature worship Feb 18, 2017 · Pantheism has several formulations not all of which or their components are necessarily consistent with Quran. Nov 25, 2018 · Panentheism can also be seen in Taoism in which everything is a part of the eternal tao. 27 Thus panentheism separates itself from pantheism, positing the extra claim that God exists above and beyond the world as we know it. Pantheism vs. This video explains, how we are connected to the God and what is the relationship between the God and the universe. Anthony's Tongue. Key words: panentheism; pantheism; pandeism; monism; dualism; theism; Indian conceptions 1 “Panentheism” “Defined” Given that mainstream philosophy of religion in the west is mostly concerned with classical Jan 23, 2022 · There is often a lot of confusion surrounding pagan terminology. [108] The line between pantheism and panentheism can be blurred depending on varying definitions of God, so there have been disagreements when assigning particular notable figures to pantheism or Animism is the belief that every living thing in nature - including trees, plants and even rocks or streams - has its own spirit or divinity. Pantheism consists of two theses: that (a) all things are parts of, appearances of or really identical with some one being, and (b) this being is divine. God exists but there are differences between them. Sep 29, 2021 · By some estimates, there are more than 4,000 religions in the world. Nov 21, 2023 · Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are the same things rather than separate things. 1200 bce), represented for the most part natural forces. Or in other words, everything is in some way a part of God, and consequently, something divine can be found in May 10, 2014 · Panentheism considers God and the world to be inter-related with the world being in God and God being in the world. Feb 10, 2022 · Animism. Dec 4, 2008 · Pantheism emphasizes God's presence in the world but panentheism maintains the identity and significance of the non-divine. Panentheism. Debates about particular positions are going, again, to come down to the technical details of how they formulate the relation between God and nature, so attempts to skirt those details with neutral formulas about nature being "in" God -- without specifying in the relevantly technical way what "in" means -- just end up reducing the matter to triviality. Oct 26, 2021 · A considerable group of contemporary philosophers and theologians—including those engaged in the science-theology dialogue, such as Barbour, Clayton, Davies, and Peacocke—supports panentheism, i. “I believe that with infinite arms Nature embraces the all—that there is no interference—no chance—that behind every event are the necessary and countless causes, and that beyond every event will be and must be the necessary and countless effects. Some of these theories take as definitive what others take as optional, or even as positively excluded (e. Here is a breakdown of terms with easy-to-understand definitions and examples. It offers an increasingly popular alternative to both traditional theism and pantheism. Originally, Roman pietas (sense of duty belief systems: Deism, Panentheism, Pantheism, and Theism: • “The term ‘transcendence’ derives from a Latin word meaning ‘to go beyond’. Oct 5, 2023 · This thread is about Pantheism vs Panentheism. Panentheism confuses the Creator with the creation. This concept of God is closely associated with the Logos as stated in the 5th century BC works of Heraclitus (ca. Since the scientific revolution of the fifteenth century, there has been an increasing tendency in Christianity to see God as separate from Creation. And while these beliefs vary widely, many of them can be generally categorized as forms of either monotheism or polytheism. I am including Deism as a side reference. Animism is a more primitive understanding of Jun 25, 2019 · In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. There's also the distinction between pantheism and panentheism to consider. God is not nature. Weak Panentheism: henotheism, and panentheism. Both animatism and animism refer to anthropological terms which refer to the spirits which reside in objects. Both pantheism and panentheism can promote strong environmental ethics; pantheism by emphasizing the divinity of all nature, and panentheism by suggesting a sacred duty to protect and respect the world as a part of God's creation. Pantheism contrasts with monotheism (there is one God), polytheism (there are many gods), deism (God created the world in such a way that it is capable of existing and operating on its own, which God then allows it to do) and panentheism (in God there is a primordial and unchanging nature, and a consequent nature that changes and develops). ) Some philosophers have suggested, more feasibly, that such indigenous perspectives can be seen as forms of panentheism. Paganism, Pantheism, Panentheism, Animism, Astrotheology, and Anthropomorphic are all terms used to describe religious philosophies. zpeqn rfyv gyxi iwjobpyc pckkez ddyl nqmt hdwir geios aovvu